資訊與民主

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無國界記者(RSF)支持推動「資訊與民主國際計畫」,試圖在全球資訊通訊空間中保障意見與表達自由。此計畫的目的是在數位時代落實《世界人權宣言》第19條。

為期一年的國際動員:

 

 

 

 

已踏出歷史性的三步:

 

 

×

Dear [Name of Candidate],

I am writing to ask you what you plan to do to defend the First Amendment, freedom of the press, and the fundamental rights of journalists to practice their profession freely in what has become an increasingly hostile environment for information and news providers.

The United States, which enshrines press freedom in the First Amendment of its Constitution, is currently witnessing a drastic decline in media freedom. On June 28, one of the most horrific attacks on press freedom in the United States occurred when five employees, including four reporters, were killed at the Capital Gazette newspaper in Annapolis, Maryland. According to the US Press Freedom Tracker, which comprehensively documents press freedom violations in the US committed by national, state, and local authorities as well as private individuals, 33 journalists were arrested, 43 were physically attacked, and 15 seizures of journalists’ equipment occurred in 2017. In one of these incidents, Rep. Greg Gianforte physically assaulted a Guardian journalist the night before his state’s election. While covering the school shooting in Parkland, Florida, journalists were impersonated on social media, impeding their ability to accurately investigate the facts and disseminate information which could be vital to preventing a similar tragedy. This hostility towards the press not only risks compromising the American public’s right to be informed through journalists’ reporting, but can also degrade the public’s trust in the media itself.

This is not a partisan issue; it is a fundamental right that impacts every American no matter their politics. Journalism is at the crux of our democracy, and communities everywhere rely on journalists to provide them with information that is essential to their daily decision-making processes. It was local investigative journalist Curt Guyette who broke the story about Flint, Michigan’s lack of access to clean water in 2014, prompting years of class-action lawsuits, protests, and subsequent federal assistance to the city in order to try to resolve the crisis. Reporters Megan Twohey, Jodi Kantor, and Ronan Farrow publicized sexual assault allegations against influential Hollywood producer Harvey Weinstein in 2017, leading to the ubiquitous and powerful #MeToo movement which brought decades of sexual abuse and harassment across multiple industries to light.

Yet freedom of the press in the US is currently in dire need of congressional support. It is our civic duty as one of the world’s leading democracies to uphold principles that support and protect the rights of journalists so that they may hold those in power accountable and ensure an informed and engaged community.

If you are elected, what do you plan to do to protect this utterly essential component of our democracy? What are your plans to protect the public’s right to be informed through a free and independent press?

Sincerely,
[Your name]

×

Hello, my name is _______ and I am from [city, state].

I’m calling to let you know that [candidate/representative]'s stance on freedom of the press is extremely important in my decision to vote. I feel that this is not a partisan issue, but a fundamental right that impacts every American no matter their politics.

I have become increasingly concerned with the growing climate of hostility for journalists in this country, and I would like for [candidate/representative] to publicly address what they will do to defend press freedom if [he/she] is elected.

Thank you.

×

Freedom of the press is suffering in the US. @[yourcandidate] if you are elected to serve in Congress, what are your plans to protect journalists and our right to be informed? Will you #DefendPressFreedom?

Democracy depends on a free and independent press and its ability to hold those in power accountable. [@yourcandidate] will you take measures to protect journalism and the First Amendment? Will you #DefendPressFreedom?

In June, four reporters were murdered in an appalling targeted attack on the Capital Gazette and freedom of the press. [@yourcandidate] what will you do to address the growing threat to journalists in this country? #DefendPressFreedom

Press freedom is in steady decline in the US. I want my representative to defend the work of journalists as well as my right to be informed. [@yourcandidate] if you are elected what will you do to protect a free press? #DefendPressFreedom

×

Journalists play a crucial role in our democracy by keeping us informed and holding those in power accountable. And yet in the US, attacks on journalists are becoming more common, undermining the media's role and creating opportunities for government overreach, the erosion of press freedom, and impeding our right to be informed. I’m contacting my candidates and encouraging them to defend press freedom during their midterm election campaign. Join me at DefendPressFreedom.com

A free press is essential to our democracy. Communities everywhere rely on journalists to report on our government’s actions and hold public figures accountable, providing us with the information we need to make decisions every day. And yet physical, verbal, and online attacks against journalists in the US are increasing at an astonishing rate. I’m contacting my candidates and encouraging them to defend press freedom during their midterm election campaign. You should too. Read more at DefendPressFreedom.com

Press freedom is declining in the US at an alarming rate. Physical, verbal, and online attacks against journalists have increased drastically in the last two years. As the US midterm elections approach, we must remind our congressional candidates that journalists play a crucial role in our democracy by keeping us informed and holding those in power accountable. I’m contacting my representatives and encouraging them to defend press freedom during their midterm election campaign. Join in and help me spread the word at DefendPressFreedom.com
 

×

Stay updated on #DefendPressFreedom

* indicates required


 
 

 

 

建立資訊與民主委員會

2018年11月,無國界記者召集資訊與民主國際委員會,該委員會由來自18個不同國家、不同背景(諾貝爾獎得主、新興技術專家、記者、前國際組織總監等)的25位人士組成。

此委員會於2018年11月5日發表「資訊與民主國際宣言」,概述管理國際資訊通訊空間的基本原則。

國家元首和政府首長的承諾

在第一屆巴黎和平論壇(2018年11月)期間,十二名國家政府領導人承諾根據「資訊與民主宣言」啟動政治程序。這項初步承諾將促成「資訊與民主國際合作協議」。

 

建立新實體以落實相關原則:

×

Dear [Name of Candidate],

I am writing to ask you what you plan to do to defend the First Amendment, freedom of the press, and the fundamental rights of journalists to practice their profession freely in what has become an increasingly hostile environment for information and news providers.

The United States, which enshrines press freedom in the First Amendment of its Constitution, is currently witnessing a drastic decline in media freedom. On June 28, one of the most horrific attacks on press freedom in the United States occurred when five employees, including four reporters, were killed at the Capital Gazette newspaper in Annapolis, Maryland. According to the US Press Freedom Tracker, which comprehensively documents press freedom violations in the US committed by national, state, and local authorities as well as private individuals, 33 journalists were arrested, 43 were physically attacked, and 15 seizures of journalists’ equipment occurred in 2017. In one of these incidents, Rep. Greg Gianforte physically assaulted a Guardian journalist the night before his state’s election. While covering the school shooting in Parkland, Florida, journalists were impersonated on social media, impeding their ability to accurately investigate the facts and disseminate information which could be vital to preventing a similar tragedy. This hostility towards the press not only risks compromising the American public’s right to be informed through journalists’ reporting, but can also degrade the public’s trust in the media itself.

This is not a partisan issue; it is a fundamental right that impacts every American no matter their politics. Journalism is at the crux of our democracy, and communities everywhere rely on journalists to provide them with information that is essential to their daily decision-making processes. It was local investigative journalist Curt Guyette who broke the story about Flint, Michigan’s lack of access to clean water in 2014, prompting years of class-action lawsuits, protests, and subsequent federal assistance to the city in order to try to resolve the crisis. Reporters Megan Twohey, Jodi Kantor, and Ronan Farrow publicized sexual assault allegations against influential Hollywood producer Harvey Weinstein in 2017, leading to the ubiquitous and powerful #MeToo movement which brought decades of sexual abuse and harassment across multiple industries to light.

Yet freedom of the press in the US is currently in dire need of congressional support. It is our civic duty as one of the world’s leading democracies to uphold principles that support and protect the rights of journalists so that they may hold those in power accountable and ensure an informed and engaged community.

If you are elected, what do you plan to do to protect this utterly essential component of our democracy? What are your plans to protect the public’s right to be informed through a free and independent press?

Sincerely,
[Your name]

×

Hello, my name is _______ and I am from [city, state].

I’m calling to let you know that [candidate/representative]'s stance on freedom of the press is extremely important in my decision to vote. I feel that this is not a partisan issue, but a fundamental right that impacts every American no matter their politics.

I have become increasingly concerned with the growing climate of hostility for journalists in this country, and I would like for [candidate/representative] to publicly address what they will do to defend press freedom if [he/she] is elected.

Thank you.

×

Freedom of the press is suffering in the US. @[yourcandidate] if you are elected to serve in Congress, what are your plans to protect journalists and our right to be informed? Will you #DefendPressFreedom?

Democracy depends on a free and independent press and its ability to hold those in power accountable. [@yourcandidate] will you take measures to protect journalism and the First Amendment? Will you #DefendPressFreedom?

In June, four reporters were murdered in an appalling targeted attack on the Capital Gazette and freedom of the press. [@yourcandidate] what will you do to address the growing threat to journalists in this country? #DefendPressFreedom

Press freedom is in steady decline in the US. I want my representative to defend the work of journalists as well as my right to be informed. [@yourcandidate] if you are elected what will you do to protect a free press? #DefendPressFreedom

×

Journalists play a crucial role in our democracy by keeping us informed and holding those in power accountable. And yet in the US, attacks on journalists are becoming more common, undermining the media's role and creating opportunities for government overreach, the erosion of press freedom, and impeding our right to be informed. I’m contacting my candidates and encouraging them to defend press freedom during their midterm election campaign. Join me at DefendPressFreedom.com

A free press is essential to our democracy. Communities everywhere rely on journalists to report on our government’s actions and hold public figures accountable, providing us with the information we need to make decisions every day. And yet physical, verbal, and online attacks against journalists in the US are increasing at an astonishing rate. I’m contacting my candidates and encouraging them to defend press freedom during their midterm election campaign. You should too. Read more at DefendPressFreedom.com

Press freedom is declining in the US at an alarming rate. Physical, verbal, and online attacks against journalists have increased drastically in the last two years. As the US midterm elections approach, we must remind our congressional candidates that journalists play a crucial role in our democracy by keeping us informed and holding those in power accountable. I’m contacting my representatives and encouraging them to defend press freedom during their midterm election campaign. Join in and help me spread the word at DefendPressFreedom.com
 

×

Stay updated on #DefendPressFreedom

* indicates required


 
 

資訊與民主國際論壇

該宣言要求召集圍繞同一目標的不同關係人成立新組織,其目標為:落實全球資訊通訊空間的基本原則,以保障意見與表達自由並強化民主。

 

此論壇:

  • 由公民社會建立和管理,以確保完全獨立於政府和私營公司;
  • 根據「資訊與民主國際宣言」賦予明確使命;
  • 具備必要手段評估資訊通訊空間的規範與架構、擬定給所有關係人的建議、促進具體解決方案的實施,並維持資訊的獨立、多元與可靠。

獲得聯合國秘書長古特瑞斯支持: 

「我要讚揚貴組織成立資訊與民主委員會的倡議。如今正值新資訊交流傳播方式改變世界的關鍵時刻。因此,獲取可靠的相關資訊較以往更加重要。然而,它正遭受越來越多的威脅(...)如今我們更須重申在資訊充分、多元化和尊重彼此的情況下公開進行嚴謹討論之重要性。感謝各位協助在前領路。」

 

 

×

Dear [Name of Candidate],

I am writing to ask you what you plan to do to defend the First Amendment, freedom of the press, and the fundamental rights of journalists to practice their profession freely in what has become an increasingly hostile environment for information and news providers.

The United States, which enshrines press freedom in the First Amendment of its Constitution, is currently witnessing a drastic decline in media freedom. On June 28, one of the most horrific attacks on press freedom in the United States occurred when five employees, including four reporters, were killed at the Capital Gazette newspaper in Annapolis, Maryland. According to the US Press Freedom Tracker, which comprehensively documents press freedom violations in the US committed by national, state, and local authorities as well as private individuals, 33 journalists were arrested, 43 were physically attacked, and 15 seizures of journalists’ equipment occurred in 2017. In one of these incidents, Rep. Greg Gianforte physically assaulted a Guardian journalist the night before his state’s election. While covering the school shooting in Parkland, Florida, journalists were impersonated on social media, impeding their ability to accurately investigate the facts and disseminate information which could be vital to preventing a similar tragedy. This hostility towards the press not only risks compromising the American public’s right to be informed through journalists’ reporting, but can also degrade the public’s trust in the media itself.

This is not a partisan issue; it is a fundamental right that impacts every American no matter their politics. Journalism is at the crux of our democracy, and communities everywhere rely on journalists to provide them with information that is essential to their daily decision-making processes. It was local investigative journalist Curt Guyette who broke the story about Flint, Michigan’s lack of access to clean water in 2014, prompting years of class-action lawsuits, protests, and subsequent federal assistance to the city in order to try to resolve the crisis. Reporters Megan Twohey, Jodi Kantor, and Ronan Farrow publicized sexual assault allegations against influential Hollywood producer Harvey Weinstein in 2017, leading to the ubiquitous and powerful #MeToo movement which brought decades of sexual abuse and harassment across multiple industries to light.

Yet freedom of the press in the US is currently in dire need of congressional support. It is our civic duty as one of the world’s leading democracies to uphold principles that support and protect the rights of journalists so that they may hold those in power accountable and ensure an informed and engaged community.

If you are elected, what do you plan to do to protect this utterly essential component of our democracy? What are your plans to protect the public’s right to be informed through a free and independent press?

Sincerely,
[Your name]

×

Hello, my name is _______ and I am from [city, state].

I’m calling to let you know that [candidate/representative]'s stance on freedom of the press is extremely important in my decision to vote. I feel that this is not a partisan issue, but a fundamental right that impacts every American no matter their politics.

I have become increasingly concerned with the growing climate of hostility for journalists in this country, and I would like for [candidate/representative] to publicly address what they will do to defend press freedom if [he/she] is elected.

Thank you.

×

Freedom of the press is suffering in the US. @[yourcandidate] if you are elected to serve in Congress, what are your plans to protect journalists and our right to be informed? Will you #DefendPressFreedom?

Democracy depends on a free and independent press and its ability to hold those in power accountable. [@yourcandidate] will you take measures to protect journalism and the First Amendment? Will you #DefendPressFreedom?

In June, four reporters were murdered in an appalling targeted attack on the Capital Gazette and freedom of the press. [@yourcandidate] what will you do to address the growing threat to journalists in this country? #DefendPressFreedom

Press freedom is in steady decline in the US. I want my representative to defend the work of journalists as well as my right to be informed. [@yourcandidate] if you are elected what will you do to protect a free press? #DefendPressFreedom

×

Journalists play a crucial role in our democracy by keeping us informed and holding those in power accountable. And yet in the US, attacks on journalists are becoming more common, undermining the media's role and creating opportunities for government overreach, the erosion of press freedom, and impeding our right to be informed. I’m contacting my candidates and encouraging them to defend press freedom during their midterm election campaign. Join me at DefendPressFreedom.com

A free press is essential to our democracy. Communities everywhere rely on journalists to report on our government’s actions and hold public figures accountable, providing us with the information we need to make decisions every day. And yet physical, verbal, and online attacks against journalists in the US are increasing at an astonishing rate. I’m contacting my candidates and encouraging them to defend press freedom during their midterm election campaign. You should too. Read more at DefendPressFreedom.com

Press freedom is declining in the US at an alarming rate. Physical, verbal, and online attacks against journalists have increased drastically in the last two years. As the US midterm elections approach, we must remind our congressional candidates that journalists play a crucial role in our democracy by keeping us informed and holding those in power accountable. I’m contacting my representatives and encouraging them to defend press freedom during their midterm election campaign. Join in and help me spread the word at DefendPressFreedom.com
 

×

Stay updated on #DefendPressFreedom

* indicates required


 
 

 

委員會

資訊與民主國際委員會

聯合國大會於巴黎通過《世界人權宣言》七十年後,「民主國家出現信任危機,專制政權的影響力與日俱增,對自由、公民社會和諧與和平構成重大威脅」,在此情況下,無國界記者召集資訊與民主國際委員會採取行動。

政治勢力控制全球化公共空間的資訊、私人利益集團的影響、逃避民主控管的企業行動者權力日增及優質新聞地位受損,這些都是導致前述情況的主要原因。

資訊與民主委員會於2018年9月11日召開首次會議,由無國界記者(RSF)秘書長德洛瓦(Christophe Deloire)和諾貝爾和平獎得主艾巴迪(Shirin Ebadi)共同擔任主席。

根據其使命聲明「宣言的功能是說明原則、為決策者界定目標並提出管理形式」,且「必須闡明人權,特別是與表達自由、新聞道德原則、技術研發和使用的道德準則相關者,並為公私部門的決策者提供指導方針」

資訊與民主國際委員會的成員如下:

 

宣言

「資訊與民主國際宣言」為全球資訊通訊空間確立基本原則,其序言將該空間定義為「人類的公共財產」,並指出管理此空間「為全人類應透過民主機構承擔的責任」

這份六頁長的文件發布於2018年11月5日,在公共空間已全球化、數位化和動盪不安的時代,提出對資訊自由、獨立、多元和可靠的民主保證 [至此閱讀宣言]。

 

宣言共分為五部分:

  • 序言:全球資訊通訊空間--人類的公共財產
  • 原則
  • 建立資訊通訊方式、架構和規範的實體
  • 媒體與新聞
  • 邁向資訊與民主的國際架構

 

閱讀宣言

政治承諾

宣言發佈數日後,在第一屆巴黎和平論壇期間,12國於2018年11月11日對資訊與民主委員會發出的呼籲作出回應,該委員會由無國界記者秘書長德洛瓦和諾貝爾和平獎得主艾巴迪擔任主席。

布吉納法索、加拿大、哥斯大黎加、丹麥、法國、拉脫維亞、黎巴嫩、立陶宛、挪威、塞內加爾、瑞士和突尼西亞的領導人承諾啟動政治程序以落實宣言原則。

 

聯合國教科文組織秘書長阿祖萊(Audrey Azoulay)、歐洲理事會秘書長賈格蘭德(Thorbjørn Jagland)及聯合國秘書長古特瑞斯(Antonio Guterres)也在這場活動中表態支持。

古特瑞斯認為這項倡議的提出「正值新資訊交流傳播方式改變世界的關鍵時刻。因此,獲取可靠的相關資訊較以往更加重要」

此後,約有二十國著手推動「資訊與民主國際合作協議」。此合作協議應於2019年底前簽署,並將落實巴黎和平論壇期間作出的初步承諾。

此合作協議是由抱持相同民主價值與全球資訊通訊空間願景的國家所議定。

各國政府元首的支持:

「在《世界人權宣言》通過70年後,如今我們正站在重要的轉捩點上,言論自由支撐著民主制度,我們原以為自己所取得的進步不會倒退,但實際上這項自由又再次受到威脅質疑。我支持您的倡議,贊同根據今日呈交的宣言議定系列任務、嘗試盡可能讓其他國家加入前述任務,並就此主題設立國際專家小組,因為沒有自由就沒有幸福,沒有勇氣就沒有自由。你們決定善盡自己的責任,我認為我們這些國家政府領導人也應如此。因此,我想在此表示法國將全力支持這項工作,我要感謝今天在座的各位國家元首和政府首長,我知道他們也將負起這項責任。」

馬克宏(Emmanuel Macron

「建立在表達自由上的全球通訊資訊空間至關重要。如果沒有言論自由和真正的通訊資訊空間,法治就岌岌可危,人們精心建立的機構恐遭破壞。」

瑟爾貝克(Erna Solberg)

「在非洲,確保記者獲得保護、創造條件讓此程序正確進行的決心日益堅定。我全力支持資訊與民主公約。」

薩爾(Macky Sall)

「我們來到這裡告訴您:是的,我們贊成這項倡議,而未來將為我們提供證明。」

艾塞布西(Beji Caïd Essebsi)

「我們需要支持對強健、獨立、讓公民抱有信心的媒體之需求,加拿大承諾通過無國界記者發起的委員會捍衛新聞自由。」

杜魯道(Justin Trudeau)

「多元性和意見自由必須得到保障。獲取事實性的資料和知識是一項基本權利,尤其是對實際事件的瞭解。」

阿瓦拉多(Carlos Alvarado)

合作協議

31個聯合國會員國在今日的聯合國大會上簽署「資訊與民主國際合作協議」,這項歷史性的政府間協議由無國界記者(RSF)發起,以在網路公共領域推展民主原則。

得益於無國界記者的資訊與民主計畫,這份協議於紐約完成簽署,為全球網路資訊通訊空間的民主保證措施之實行開路。[閱讀合作協議]

在「資訊與民主國際合作協議」中,31個簽署國*承諾將促進自由獨立報導、多元可靠新聞與資訊的網路存取。該協議確立民主原則,包括演算法的政治、意識形態和宗教中立性及其運作方式透明度,並強調網路服務供應商有責推廣值得信賴的內容和多元性,以避免目前的「資訊混亂」。

50多位外長和20名代表團代表今日出席聯合國「多邊主義聯盟」設立活動,無國界記者秘書長德洛瓦向其發出呼籲:「如果民主國家不制定規則,私人利益集團和獨裁者就會替我們代勞(...)網路資訊通訊空間的管理者將是他們而非國會(...)這就是我們之所以着手重建可適應數位時代的民主保障體系之故。」

資訊與民主國際委員會由德洛瓦與諾貝爾和平獎得主艾巴迪共同擔任主席,於2018年9月11日召開首次會議,並於11月初發表「資訊與民主宣言」。該宣言迅速贏得12位國家政府領導人的支持,並受到聯合國秘書長古特瑞斯、聯合國教科文組織秘書長阿祖萊與歐洲理事會秘書長賈格蘭德的讚揚。

在法國總統馬克宏(Emmanuel Macron)的倡議下,委員會的宣言啟動政治程序,並於2019年8月在比亞里茨獲得G7的一致支持後送交聯合國大會。

德洛瓦表示:「這項國際協議是向前邁進的一大步。此計畫由公民社會發起,並得到南韓、哥斯大黎加、加拿大和突尼西亞等地區擁護者的支持。這項態勢強大的計畫將可取得網路平台支持,這些平台握有決定網路公共空間運作方式的權力,因此需要承擔重責」。

為推動協議的實行,無國界記者設立資訊與民主論壇,負責提出監管和自律所依據的原則,合作協議的內容讚揚無國界記者所做工作。此一新成立的組織將由公民社會主導。

無國界記者倡議部主管費里雍(Thomas Friang)表示,「論壇的管理原則將保證其獨立性,並確保政府、網路平台和媒體等所有關係人都能加入討論,以推動適當形式的監管和自律。」

該論壇由獨立組織聯盟於11月中旬在巴黎成立。

*簽署國名單:

  • 南非
  • 德國*
  • 安道爾*
  • 澳洲
  • 貝南*
  • 保加利亞*
  • 加拿大
  • 智利*
  • 南韓
  • 哥斯大黎加*
  • 克羅埃西亞*
  • 丹麥*
  • 芬蘭*
  • 法國*
  • 印度
  • 義大利
  • 拉脫維亞
  • 黎巴嫩
  • 列支敦斯登 *
  • 立陶宛*
  • 馬爾他*
  • 蒙特內哥羅*
  • 挪威*
  • 荷蘭
  • 捷克*
  • 塞內加爾
  • 西班牙
  • 瑞典*
  • 瑞士*
  • 突尼西亞 *
  • 英國

*現場出席「多邊主義聯盟」活動簽署合作協議的國家

論壇

根據該宣言,我們必須建立新的反思和行動架構,以因應數位時代全球資訊通訊空間所面臨的挑戰。

「資訊與民主論壇」此獨立的國際組織將集合政府、公民社會、媒體與數位平台,徹底討論監管與自律解決方案以確保數位時代的民主防護措施。此為無國界記者(RSF)所領導的資訊與民主國際計畫其中一部分。[論壇網站在此]

無國界記者與其公民社會夥伴合作,並聚集不同類型的關係人(政府、網路服務供應商、媒體組織和公民社會),帶頭建立「資訊與民主國際論壇」此一新實體。

這個新組織將由公民社會組織管理,以確保其獨立於國家和私人實體。其使命如下:

  • 評估全球資訊通訊空間的工具、規範與架構
  • 調查平台是否遵守合作協議的原則及其實行情況
  • 為政府和網路服務供應商(即數位平台)擬定不具約束力的建議,藉由規範或良好實務管理此全球空間
  • 促使此空間的行動者提出自律解決方案
  • 就資訊產業中可行的商業模式提出支持性解決方案和前瞻性政策建議,以維持新聞業的存續

該論壇為總部位於巴黎的非營利組織,由公民社會和學術界的獨立組織所創建管理。

此組織獲得G7領導人的支持,並受到在聯合國大會(2019年9月26日)期間簽署「資訊與民主國際合作協議」的30國所歡迎。

其任務為落實這份政府間協議的原則。

多元關係人取徑

工作小組在秘書處的協助下擬定建議,再交由指導委員會確認。其後,論壇的建議便可發給不同的關係人團體。

  • 加入「資訊與民主合作協議」的國家將收到改善全球資訊通訊空間管理建議。
  • 網路服務供應商將收到如何執行管控或根據合作協議原則啟動自動管控的建議。 
  • 媒體組織將得知論壇提出的所有政策建議(管控/自動管控),以提出意見並就相關建議的對應實施計劃提供其觀點。
  • 其他非政府組織和公民社會總體將參與論壇的程序,特別是評論建議及關係人實施建議的情況。

所有關係人將齊聚年度全體會議。此會議的目的為發表論壇年度政策報告及其主要建議,並宣佈政府或網路服務供應商根據論壇建議所採取的措施。

具體建議與解決方案

國際專家組成的不同論壇工作小組將提供:

  • 給公共決策者的政策建議原則與保障措施。
  • 給私部門(平台與媒體)的自律標準與最佳實務。
  • 促進和推廣論壇建議的相關計畫及解決方案。
  • 論壇的年度政策報告,其監看項目如下:
    • 全球資訊通訊空間的工具、規範與架構;

    • 平台遵守合作協議原則的狀況;

向前邁進 

  • 資訊與民主論壇成立 - 2019年11月12日

  • 召集將參與論壇活動的關係人。

  • 在資訊與民主國際委員會的參與下制定工作計劃

  • 由不同領域的國際專家組成第一批工作小組。論壇常設秘書處將協助其工作。

  • 在2020年底前籌辦第一次年度全體會議,召集所有關係人檢視建議和承諾。

論壇創始成員

   
   
   
     

資訊與民主論壇就如何中止「資訊傳染病」提出250項建議

資訊與民主論壇就如何中止「資訊傳染病」提出250項建議

在新冠肺炎流行期間,虛假或遭到操弄的資訊持續在網上擴散,資訊與民主論壇發表題為「如何終結資訊傳染病」(How to end infodemics)的報告。該報告以國際專家提供的100多份意見為基礎,就如何遏制威脅民主和人權(包括健康權)的現象提出250項建議。

資訊與民主論壇於2019年由11個非政府組織和研究中心共同發起,並於6月成立資訊傳染病工作小組,負責設計「監管架構」以應對線上平台和社群媒體上的資訊混亂現象。該小組由瑞薩(Maria Ressa)和沙克(Marietje Schaake)共同擔任指導委員會主席,在五個月的工作後發表一份詳盡報告,其中包含250項給政府和數位平台的建議。

這份由Delphine Halgand-Mishra帶領的報告人團隊所撰寫報告指出四項結構性挑戰,並對各項挑戰提出具體解決方案: 

  • 平台透明度
  • 內容審核
  • 推廣可靠新聞資訊
  • 私人傳訊服務

在6月26日的多邊主義聯盟會議上,論壇主席德洛瓦向近50位外長介紹工作小組,許多聯盟成員國在會中表達自己的支持,世界衛生組織秘書長譚德塞(Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus)和聯合國教科文組織秘書長阿祖萊也出席這場會議。

在巴黎和平論壇期間,聯盟於11月12日舉行另一場會議,德洛瓦在會中向聯盟各國外長介紹資訊與民主論壇報告及其主要建議。

德洛瓦表示:「資訊混亂對我們的民主體制構成致命威脅,這份報告證明結構性解決方案可終結此情況。所有採取立法措施管制平台者都應遵循這份報告的指引,無論是印度的第79條、美國的第230條、加拿大的《數位憲章》(Digital Charter)、英國的《網路危害法》(Online Harms Bill),當然還有歐盟的《數位服務法》(Digital Services Act)。」

指導委員會共同主席瑞薩表示:「很榮幸能與眾多學科的專家合作,這正是我們現在所需要的。這個時代較以往更能看出資訊就是力量,當謊言比事實傳播得更快,人們的一切努力都將受到威脅。民主和新聞正面臨生死存亡的關頭。這是尋找系統性全球解決方案而明確向前踏出的一步。」

指導委員會的另一名共同主席沙克解釋道,「民主正受到威脅,缺乏信任或徹底的操弄所涉及的資訊漸增。如要使民主存續,就必須從私營公司和專制政府手中奪回數位世界的治理權。民主領袖現在就必須負起責任,維護民主、人權和基本自由。」


工作小組的十二項主要建議

需採行公共管制以使網路服務供應商符合透明度要求。

  1. 透明度要求應與公共資訊生態系統中所有平台的核心功能相關聯:內容審核、內容排名、內容比對及建立社會影響力。
  2. 負責執行透明度要求之監管機構應具有強健的民主監督和稽核程序。
  3. 對違規行為的制裁可包括巨額罰金、以橫幅形式強制宣傳、執行長連帶責任及行政制裁,如禁止進入某國市場。

需建立內容審核的元管制新模式。

  1. 平台應遵循一套依據國際人權法的內容審核人權原則:合法性、必要性和相稱性、正當性、平等和零歧視。
  2. 在營運的不同司法管轄區內,平台應承擔與廣播機構相同的義務確保多元性。例如自願公平原則。
  3. 平台應增加板主人數,並將最低百分比的收益用於提高內容審核的品質(尤其是在處境危險的國家)。

需開闢設計平台的新取徑。

  1. 數位架構與軟體工程的安全及品質標準應由數位標準執行機構負責執行。資訊與民主論壇可就該機構的運作方式展開可行性研究。
  2. 應禁止平台出現利益衝突,以避免資訊通訊空間受到商業、政治或任何其他利益的支配或影響。
  3. 應依據「新聞信任計畫」等自律標準界定共同監管架構,以推廣公益新聞內容;並應增加阻力以減緩潛在有害的病毒性內容傳播。

封閉式傳訊服務進入公共空間時,應在服務中建立防護措施。

  1. 應限制某些功能,以採行措施限制誤導性內容的病毒式傳播;選擇是否要接收群組訊息的功能,以及打擊大量傳訊和自動化行為的措施。
  2. 應要求網路服務供應商更妥善地告知使用者所收到訊息的來源,尤其應標示已轉發的訊息。
  3. 應加強使用者通報非法內容的機制,以及遭禁止使用服務時的上訴機制。

指導委員會成員

  • Maria Ressa(共同主席):記者、菲律賓調查網站Rappler執行長。《時代》雜誌2018年度風雲人物。資訊與民主委員會成員。
  • Marietje Schaake(共同主席):前歐洲議會議員(2009 - 2019)。現任史丹福網路政策中心(Stanford Cyber Policy Center)國際政策主任及網路和平研究所(Cyber Peace Institute)所長。
  • Sinan Aral:麻省理工學院管理、行銷、資訊科技和資料科學David Austin教授、麻省理工學院數位經濟計畫(IDE)主持人、Manifest Capital創始合夥人。《宣傳機器》(The Hype Machine)一書作者。
  • Julia Cagé:民主與媒體主題暢銷書的作者。巴黎政治學院經濟學助理教授、公共政策科際整合評鑑實驗室(LIEPP)「評鑑民主」研究小組共同負責人。專攻發展經濟學、政治經濟學和經濟史。
  • Ronald Deibert:多倫多大學孟克全球事務與公共政策學院政治學教授兼公民實驗室主任。OpenNet Initiative和Information Warfare Monitor計畫的共同創始人和首席研究員。
  • Camille François:Graphika創新長,帶領公司進行偵測不實資訊與媒體操弄並減輕其影響的工作。曾任Jigsaw首席研究員。
  • Roukaya Kasenally:African Media Initiative執行長。模里西斯大學媒體與政治體系副教授。非洲可持續民主選舉研究所(Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa)主席。
  • David Kaye:前聯合國促進和保護意見及表達自由權特別報告員。加州大學爾灣分校法學院法律臨床教授。
  • Edison Lanza:律師、泛美人權委員會(Inter-American Commission on Human Rights)前言論自由特別報告員。曾領導及創立多個非政府組織捍衛表達自由權。
  • Roger McNamee:《Zucked: Waking Up to the Facebook Catastrophe》一書作者、科技創業投資家。Elevation Partners創始合夥人。Facebook前投資人。
  • 村井純:慶應義塾大學特聘教授。慶應義塾大學網路文明研究中心(Cyber Civilization Research Center)共同負責人。日本大學UNIX網路(JUNET)和WIDE計劃創始人。被譽為「日本網際網路之父」。
  • Peter Pomerantsev:記者、作家和電視製作人。倫敦政治經濟學院全球事務研究所客座資深研究員。約翰霍普金斯大學Agora Institute資深研究員。
  • Julie Posetti:國際記者中心(International Center for Journalists)全球研究總監。曾任路透新聞學研究所資深研究員及新聞創新計畫(Journalism Innovation Project)主管。
  • Anya Schiffrin:前記者、哥倫比亞大學國際與公共事務學院科技、媒體與傳播專業主任、國際與公共事務學院講師。
  • Vivian Schiller:阿斯本研究所(Aspen Institute)的Aspen Digital計畫執行總監。NPR前總裁兼執行長、Civil Foundation創會執行長。無國界記者美國分部董事。
  • Wolfgang Schulz:洪堡網路與社會研究所(Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society)所長。漢堡大學法學院資訊與通訊學科講師。Hans-Bredow Institut理事會成員。
  • Christopher Wylie:資料科學家,也是舉發劍橋分析(Cambridge Analytica)和Facebook的吹哨者。名列《時代》雜誌全球百大影響力人物和《富比世》30位30歲以下傑出人物(30 Under 30)。暢銷書《Mindf*ck 心智操控【劍橋分析技術大公開】》(Mindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world)作者。

聯絡人

一般問題:計畫專員Camille Grenier(cgrenier@rsf.org

媒體聯絡: Pauline Adès-Mével - (padesmevel(a)ikiepewlso.tudasnich.de - 07 82 37 23 12)

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